Category: Laozi

Tao Te Chings Chapter 2b – religious parallels

Hinduism

The Interdependence of Opposites (Advaita Vedanta)
In Hindu philosophy, particularly Advaita Vedanta, there is a strong emphasis on the interconnectedness of all existence. Concepts like dvandva (pairs of opposites) mirror Laozi’s discussion of beauty and ugliness, good and bad. The Bhagavad Gita, for instance, advises practitioners to transcend attachment to dualities like pleasure and pain, success and failure, as they are all part of the maya (illusory nature of the world).
Similar to the Tao, the ultimate reality, Brahman, is beyond these dualities and encompasses all opposites, demonstrating their unity rather than their separateness.

Buddhism

The Middle Way and Emptiness

Buddhism teaches the Middle Way, which avoids the extremes of indulgence and asceticism, advocating balance and harmony. This reflects the idea in Chapter 2 that opposites like high and low, long and short, define and support each other. The realization of interdependence is central to Buddhist thought, particularly in the concept of pratītyasamutpāda (dependent origination), which asserts that all phenomena arise in relation to other phenomena.

In Mahayana Buddhism, sunyata (emptiness) parallels the Tao. It posits that things lack inherent existence and exist only in relation to others. This aligns with Laozi’s idea that opposites co-create one another.

3. Christianity: Unity in Contrasts

In Christian mysticism, the idea of opposites uniting in harmony is present in the writings of figures like Meister Eckhart and St. John of the Cross. They speak of the divine as transcending human understanding and existing beyond dualities like light and dark, good and evil. The phrase “God’s ways are higher than our ways” reflects a recognition of a unifying principle beyond human judgment.

The Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount also echo the idea of contrasts: the meek inheriting the earth, or the poor in spirit being blessed. These paradoxes highlight how opposites can coexist meaningfully, much like Laozi’s teaching in Chapter 2.

Islam: The Balance of Contrasts (Tawhid and Sufism)

In Islam, the concept of tawhid (the oneness of God) asserts that all existence originates from and returns to the same divine source. This unity underlies apparent dualities in the world. Sufi mystics, such as Rumi, often emphasize the interconnectedness of opposites. Rumi’s poetry, for instance, celebrates the interplay of joy and sorrow, presence and absence, and life and death, much like Laozi’s reflections.

Sufi practices also embrace the idea of surrender to the natural flow of life, akin to wu wei (effortless action).

5. Judaism: Paradox and Unity in Kabbalah

Jewish mysticism, particularly in Kabbalah, speaks of the sefirot, which represent divine attributes and forces that exist in dynamic relationships. The tension between opposites, such as mercy (chesed) and judgment (gevurah), is essential to maintaining balance in the universe.
The Ein Sof, or infinite aspect of God, transcends dualities altogether, much like the Tao. Kabbalistic texts often highlight the importance of embracing paradoxes as a path to understanding the divine.

6. Native American and Indigenous Traditions: Balance in Nature

Many Native American and Indigenous spiritual systems emphasize balance and the interdependence of opposites in the natural world. For instance, the Lakota concept of Wakan Tanka (Great Mystery) acknowledges the unity underlying all aspects of existence. This worldview mirrors the Tao in its reverence for the interplay of life’s dualities—such as day and night, male and female, and life and death.

These traditions often stress living in harmony with the cycles of nature, an idea echoed in Laozi’s teaching about flowing with the natural rhythms of life.

7. Greek Philosophy: The Unity of Opposites

The pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus famously said, “The way up and the way down are one and the same,” and “Strife is justice.” These ideas resonate with Laozi’s teaching that opposites like high and low, long and short, define one another. Heraclitus’ concept of logos, the underlying order and reason of the cosmos, is similar to the Tao in its role as the unifying principle.

8. Wicca and Modern Paganism: Duality and the Divine Whole

In Wicca, the balance of opposites is a central theme, often represented by the God and Goddess as complementary forces. The cycles of the moon and the seasons, with their natural interplay of light and dark, life and death, mirror the interdependence of opposites described in Chapter 2.
Many modern Pagans view divinity as an ineffable force that manifests through dualities, much like the Tao is the source of yin and yang.

9. Taoism and Its Universal Appeal

While Taoism is unique in its poetic and paradoxical approach, its teachings about duality, balance, and effortless action resonate universally. Across these traditions, the shared recognition of opposites as interdependent offers profound lessons for navigating life with humility, wisdom, and grace.

The trees, flowers, and animals know not of ugliness or beauty; they simply are… in harmony with the eternal Tao, devoid of judgment. As the sage lives openly with apparent duality, he synthesizes the origin with the manifestation without forming an opinion about it. Living without judgment and in perfect oneness is what Lao-tzu invites his readers to do. The perfection of the Tao is allowing apparent duality while seeing the unity that is reality. Life and death are identical. Allow yourself to hold those opposite thoughts without them cancelling each other out. See the unfolding of the Tao inside everyone, including yourself, and be at peace with what you observe. You’re not good or bad, beautiful or ugly, a hard worker or a slacker, etc. When it’s time to leave your body, you do so, reclaiming your place in the pure mystery of oneness. This is what Lao-Tzu means when he says, “When the work is done, it is forgotten. That’s why it lasts forever.” Effort is one piece of the whole; another piece is non-effort.

Because the Master has realized the “paradoxical unity” beyond the surface-level duality of life, he is able to see beyond the illusion. His life is no longer governed by the cycle of attachment and aversion. He no longer feels the need to cling to certain things, circumstances, and events, and desperately avoiding others. Because he sees the underlying wholeness of life, he lives his life from a place of deep trust and humility.

It is important to note that without doing anything, does not mean ceasing to act and just passively remain idle. It means that “I” and “other” cease to feel as separate as they once did. In a sense, all action becomes duty.

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Tao Te Ching 1b (Religious Parallels)

The idea of an entity beyond description is also found in other religions.

1. Hinduism: Brahman

In Hinduism, Brahman is the ultimate reality, the infinite and eternal essence that pervades everything. It is beyond description and human comprehension. While scriptures like the Upanishads attempt to explain Brahman, they often resort to paradoxes, metaphors, and negations (neti neti—”not this, not that”) to emphasize that it cannot be confined to words or concepts.

Like the Tao, Brahman is seen as the source and sustainer of all existence and is often contrasted with the manifest world of forms and dualities. The relationship between Brahman (the universal) and Atman (the individual self) is central to understanding Hindu philosophy.

2. Buddhism: Sunyata (Emptiness)

Buddhism, particularly in its Mahayana tradition, speaks of sunyata, or emptiness, as a fundamental aspect of reality. Sunyata is not a void or nihilism but a state beyond dualistic concepts, where all phenomena are interdependent and lack inherent, independent existence.

The ineffable nature of sunyata is often conveyed through silence or paradoxical teachings, such as Zen koans. For instance, the Heart Sutra states, “Form is emptiness, emptiness is form,” highlighting the inseparability of the manifest and the unmanifest.

3. Judaism: Ein Sof

In Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah), Ein Sof refers to the infinite, unknowable essence of God. Ein Sof is beyond all attributes and descriptions, representing the divine reality that transcends all human understanding.

While the Sefirot (emanations) make God’s presence accessible and relatable to human consciousness, Ein Sof itself remains completely hidden and undefinable, much like the Tao.

4. Christianity: The Ineffable God

In Christian theology, particularly in the mystic traditions, God is often described as ineffable and beyond human comprehension. Early Christian thinkers like Augustine of Hippo and Gregory of Nyssa emphasized that God’s essence is unknowable and can only be approached through negation (apophatic theology).
The concept of the Trinity—one God in three persons—is another attempt to articulate the divine mystery, acknowledging that God’s nature cannot be fully understood or expressed.

5. Islam: Allah’s Essence (Dhat Allah)

In Islamic theology, especially within Sufism, Allah’s essence (Dhat Allah) is seen as completely beyond human comprehension. The Quran often refers to Allah as Al-Batin (the Hidden) and describes Him as unlike anything in creation (Laysa ka mithlihi shay’).

Sufi mystics use poetry, metaphors, and symbolic language to approach the divine mystery, acknowledging that Allah’s true nature is beyond words or rational understanding.

6. Daoism’s Influence in Shinto: Kami

While Shinto, the indigenous spirituality of Japan, is not a formal religion like Daoism, its concept of kami—spiritual presences or essences—shares similarities. Kami are ineffable and beyond direct description, residing in natural phenomena, objects, and places. They are seen as forces rather than beings, akin to the Tao.

7. Native American and Indigenous Traditions

Many indigenous traditions have an understanding of a Great Spirit, Creator, or universal force that is ineffable and permeates all things. For example:

The Lakota refer to Wakan Tanka (“Great Mystery”), which encompasses all that is sacred and beyond comprehension.

Australian Aboriginal spirituality often speaks of the Dreaming or Dreamtime, a sacred reality that underlies all existence and defies human understanding.

8. Sikhism: Ik Onkar

In Sikhism, Ik Onkar refers to the one, formless, timeless, and infinite divine reality. While the divine manifests in creation, its essence is beyond human language and understanding. Sikh scripture (the Guru Granth Sahib) repeatedly emphasizes humility in attempting to comprehend or describe the divine.

9. Greek Philosophy: The One

Neoplatonism, a philosophical system influenced by Plato, speaks of The One as the source of all existence. The One is beyond being and non-being and cannot be described or conceptualized. Philosophers like Plotinus emphasized its ineffability, likening it to a source that overflows into creation.

10. Taoist Parallels in Wicca and Modern Paganism

In modern Pagan and Wiccan traditions, the divine is often described as a universal energy or force that flows through all things. This “all-encompassing” essence is sometimes called the Goddess or simply the Divine, but it is understood as something that transcends names, forms, and descriptions.

Common Themes Across Traditions

Despite their cultural and philosophical differences, these traditions share several key ideas:
Ineffability: The ultimate reality cannot be fully captured by words, concepts, or symbols.

Transcendence and Immanence: While this reality often transcends the physical world, it is also seen as present and active within it.

Paradoxical Nature: These concepts often rely on paradoxes, metaphors, and negations to convey their meaning.

Experiential Approach: Understanding the ineffable often comes through direct experience (e.g., meditation, mysticism, or ritual) rather than intellectual reasoning.

The ineffable nature of the Tao reflects a universal longing to connect with something greater than ourselves—a reality that transcends the limitations of language and reason, yet shapes our existence.

More On Wicca and Taoism

While Wicca typically does not emphasize a strict metaphysical framework, many practitioners describe the divine as a universal energy or force that is both transcendent and immanent—very much like the Tao.

1. The All or The Source

Some Wiccans believe in “The All” or “The Source,” which represents the ultimate creative energy or essence of the universe. This concept is sometimes described as an abstract, impersonal force that permeates all things. It is not a deity in the traditional sense but rather the foundation of all existence, similar to the Tao in its indefinability and universality.

Like the Tao, this force is seen as beyond human comprehension and not something that can be fully described or named. It is both the origin of creation and the underlying harmony that unites all forms of life.

2. Polarity of God and Goddess as Expressions of the All

In Wicca, the God and Goddess are often seen as personifications or archetypes that help humans relate to the divine. However, many Wiccans understand these deities as facets or expressions of a greater, ineffable whole—the All or the Divine Force. This is akin to how the Tao manifests in the world of dualities (e.g., yin and yang) while remaining transcendent.

For example, some Wiccan traditions emphasize the balance between masculine and feminine energies, light and dark, and life and death, reflecting the interconnected dualities found in Taoist philosophy. These dualities are not opposing forces but complementary aspects of the same underlying reality.

3. The Immanent and Transcendent Divine

Wicca often emphasizes the divine as both immanent (present within nature and all living things) and transcendent (existing beyond the physical world). This aligns with the Taoist view of the Tao as both the source of all creation and the force that flows through everything.

Wiccans who view divinity as a force of nature often describe it as the “Web of Life,” emphasizing the interconnectedness of all things. This web is not something separate from the world but an intrinsic part of it, much like the Tao is both within and beyond existence.

4. Non-Dogmatic and Mystical Approaches

Much like Taoism, Wicca is inherently non-dogmatic, allowing practitioners to interpret divinity and spirituality in ways that resonate personally. This open-ended approach often leads to descriptions of the divine that are fluid, poetic, and mystical, reflecting an understanding of the sacred as something that cannot be pinned down by language or rigid definitions.

Some Wiccans use meditation, ritual, and other experiential practices to connect with this ineffable force, paralleling Taoist practices that seek to align with the Tao through stillness, observation, and harmonious living.

5. Parallels in Ritual and Practice

While Taoism does not typically involve rituals in the way Wicca does, both traditions share a reverence for the natural world and the cycles of life. Wiccan rituals often aim to attune practitioners to the flow of energy within themselves and the universe, mirroring the Taoist goal of aligning with the Tao. These practices celebrate balance, interconnectedness, and the sacredness of all existence.

Conclusion

While Wicca does not have a singular concept directly equivalent to the Tao, its belief in an ineffable, universal force that underlies all creation is deeply resonant with Taoist philosophy. Many Wiccans approach this force with reverence and wonder, acknowledging its mystery and celebrating its presence in nature, the cosmos, and the cycles of life. This perspective, like that of the Tao, encourages harmony, balance, and alignment with the natural flow of existence.

The first chapter of the Tao Te Ching lays the foundation for understanding Taoism as a philosophy of balance, humility, and acceptance of life’s mysteries. Laozi’s teachings encourage us to move beyond surface appearances and connect with the deeper, ineffable reality that underlies all things. By doing so, we can live in harmony with the Tao—the Way of the universe—and cultivate a life of peace and equanimity in the midst of life’s ever-changing manifestations.

The Tao Te Ching

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