Category: Psychology

Benjamin Franklin and Muhammad Personalities

 Introduction

 

In this article, I’m going to look at two famous people and review specific personality traits that these two figures tend to fit into. The first person I am going to look at is Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790), and the second person will be the founder of the religion known as Islam, Muhammad (April 26, 570 – June 8th, 632). While these two people come from different backgrounds at different times, they both still hold a strong influence in the world today.

Personality Traits and Motives

First, I will define the personality traits and needs that I’m measuring. I will be basing this paper on the big-5 personality traits which include extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and Open to Experience/Intellect. While there is conflict regarding the meaning of what exactly defines these personality traits, I will go with these traits, which include the following:  “Extraversion – bold, forceful, self-confident, talkative, spontaneous, gregarious, outspoken, energetic, and happy.  Neuroticism – Nervous, anxious, excitable, high-strung, concerned, fearful, and tense. Agreeableness – friendly, warm, kind, polite, good-natured, and considerate. Conscientiousness – cautious, serious, responsible, thorough, hardworking, neat, persevering, and planful. Intellect – imaginative, intellectual, polished, curious, creative, knowledgeable, perceptive, verbal, and original” (Carver and Scheier 2008).

I will also look at the needs and motives of these individuals which include the need for achievement, need for power, need for affiliation, and need for intimacy. As defined by the text: The need for achievement – the desire to do things well, to feel pleasure in overcoming obstacles. There is the need for power – the motive to have an impact on others, to have prestige, to feel strong compared to others. The need for affiliation – the motive to spend time with others and form friendly social ties. The need for intimacy – the desire to experience warm, close, and communicative exchanges with another person, to feel close to another person” (Carver and Scheier 2008).

Benjamin Franklin

Brief  Overview

First, I will start with Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin was a very accomplished man. He was a political theorist, scientist, musician, inventor (lightning rod, bifocals, etc.), and author, among other things. He even began the first fire department in Pennsylvania and the first lending library in America. Franklin strongly believed in hard work, education, self-governing institutions, and community spirit. He was opposed to such things as political and religious authoritarianism.

He had many accomplishments, which would include such things as helping establish the University of Pennsylvania, helped prevented the Stamp Act from taking place, having a positive effect on French/American relationships, and many other things. Toward the end of his life, he became a prominent abolitionist, which he demonstrated by freeing his own slaves.

Extroversion

I would consider Franklin to rank very high on extroversion. He was involved in and created many groups throughout his life, keeping him in contact with several people. Franklin created the Union Fire Company, was appointed president of the Academy and College of Philadelphia, organized the Pennsylvania Militia, and even became the governor of Pennsylvania. He was socially active in that he led the anti-proprietary party against the Penn family and publicly opposed the 1765 Stamp Act. A person who is introverted would have a very difficult time doing the things that Franklin did.

Neuroticism

It is hard to measure Benjamin Franklin’s degree of neuroticism just by reading of what he accomplished. I will make an attempt to show that he probably would have scored low in the area of neuroticism by looking and some of his thirteen virtues. One said “Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time” (Franklin). This shows that Franklin strived to keep order in his life. One with more order usually has less stress and, therefore, a lower rate of neuroticism. This would probably also increase his score when it came to conscientiousness. Another one is “Tranquility. Be not disturbed by trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable” (Franklin). This statement shows that Franklin sought to find peace within rather than be bothered by things happening around him. While it is difficult to tell how well he did at this, it does show that he strived for inner peace. Inner peace would lower him on the neuroticism scale.

Agreeableness

Regarding agreeableness, it is hard to say where he would fall. It would be closer to the middle, perhaps toward the higher end. On the agreeableness side of things, Franklin promoted religious tolerance, indicating that he wasn’t interested in arguing regarding spiritual matters. However, someone who supports religious tolerance may be more opt to argue with someone who demonstrates intolerance. It did appear that Franklin’s ultimate goal was peace. I would think that to have as significant of an influence as he had, he would need a degree of agreeableness. In fact, one of his virtues was “silence,” which he defined as “Speak not but of what might benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation” (Franklin), which also is evidence that he was fairly agreeable. However, he would also have to have a degree of disagreeableness. He was openly opposed to authoritarian government and religion, meaning he would probably not agree with certain political and religious leaders.

Conscientiousness

When it comes to conscientiousness, I would say that Franklin would also score high on this. Since this trait is connected to the will to achieve, it seems that he had a strong will to succeed. An example being that he accomplished a lot of what is mentioned above. He valued hard work, which is a trait of conscientiousness, and seemed to be a very responsible man.

Openness to Experience/Intellect 

I believe that Benjamin Franklin would have scored high on the openness to experience/intellect trait. Being an inventor would require Franklin to be quite creative and imaginative. For instance, he came up with the lightning rod by believing that conductors with sharp points tended to be more capable than smooth points of discharging electricity silently. Therefore, he found a way to draw electricity out of the sky more safely. More evidence that he was strong on this trait is that he played and composed music. To be involved in such things as being the president of the American Philosophical Society he would probably would have had to demonstrate a high degree of intellect.

Needs And Motives

Regarding needs, I would say that Franklin had a high need for achievement. He continually strived to succeed at what he did, whether it was inventing things, putting together music, or having political influence. I would not say that he had a need for power since he was opposed to authoritarian style authority and was more in favor of individual freedom. However, the need for power can also be defined as having an influence on others. Franklin seemed to have the need to have a positive influence on others as demonstrated by his accomplishments such as becoming a governor.

Being a social person, as mentioned earlier, I believe he had a high need for affiliation. His involvement in several organizations demonstrates this. His need for intimacy is questionable. At age 17, Franklin asked Deborah Read to marry him.  However, Deborah was too afraid of the sea to go with Franklin on his trips to Europe, and she even passed away when he was on one of his extended trips. It seems that his need to achieve was more significant than his need for intimacy, but it did seem like he needed intimacy to a degree. From what I understand, his need for affiliation would have been more prevalent than his need for intimacy.

Muhammad

Brief Overview

The second person I’m going to take a look at is Muhammad who is well known for having founded the world’s second largest religion: Islam. Not only is he known by Muslims as the last prophet but also by historians as a philosopher, merchant, and military leader, among other things. Not happy with his life, he retreated into a cave for meditation and reflection. According to Islam belief, when he was 40, he received a revelation from a god named Allah and proclaimed that he was a prophet of this god and that Allah is the one true god. He gained followers, and even though he was met with hostility, he was able to unite the tribes around him and convert most of the people to his religion. He brought us the Islamic holy book, the Quran, and even today, Muslims view his name with reverence. There is much controversy about the true history of Muhammad, so I will analyze what is often said about him.

Muhammad felt a strong need to warn those who rejected Allah’s revelation but also to commended those who turned from “evil.” He emphasized ideas such as the forgiveness of sins, opposed cheating people of wealth, and also opposed the killing of newborn girls. According to historians, he brought moral reform to the area, which improved the rights of slaves, women, and children. He issued a tax called zakat, which benefited the poor, in which he demanded that those who allied with him would implement it.

Even when people of power in Mecca insisted that Muhammad would stop preaching his religion, he continued on. He was also a military leader, as seen in his conquest of Mecca, which included many battles. While a military leader, he was also merciful as when he finally took control of Mecca. He did so with as few casualties as possible and announced that those he fought against be forgiven for past sins, except for a few who continued to mock him.

Extroversion

I believe that Muhammad would score high on the personality trait of extroversion. He was bold and expressed his religious beliefs to those around him. Muhammad was able to gain a following that was loyal to him and make pacts between various tribes. He was forceful with his religious beliefs, not giving in to those around him. However, he may have had a degree of introversion, especially in his earlier years when he would withdraw to his cave for several weeks out of the year.

Neuroticism

Just as with Benjamin Franklin, it is hard to tell to what degree Muhammad demonstrated neuroticism. He did not seem like a fearful man, as he didn’t give in to threats to stop spreading his religion. He wasn’t overcome with anxiety or nervousness during confrontations, so it would appear that he might have scored low in this area.

Agreeableness

Unlike Franklin, I believe Muhammad would have scored low in the area of agreeableness. He believed that his god was the only true god and would preach this regardless of who disagreed with him. Muhammad was adamant that others needed to succumb to his belief structure, or Allah would severely punish him. He seemed to be rather intolerant in regard to religion, which differed greatly from Franklin, who promoted religious tolerance. However, he did manage to gain a following, which would have been difficult if one had never been agreeable at all. I do believe he still may have had traces of agreeableness.

Conscientiousness

I believe that Muhammad would have a high degree of conscientiousness. In order to be both a religious and military leader, one has to have a high degree of responsibility and organization. He did well in battle, showing that he was more cautious than rash and knew how to plan things out.

Openness to Experience/Intellect

I also believe he would have been high on the openness to experience/intellect scale. To create a religion that would become one of the prominent world forces almost 1500 years later would take a great deal of creativity and intellect. He had to be smart in battle strategy and come up with plans to defeat his enemies.

Needs and Motives

When it comes to needs and motives, I would say that Mohammed had a high need for achievement, as he demonstrated by preaching his religion regardless of what others thought and fought against those who opposed him. I would put him in the mid-range for his need for power. While it did seem that he was in a constant power struggle, he also ended up showing mercy to those whom he defeated. He gave to the poor, and in his marriages, he allowed his wives and concubines to express their opinions and even argue with him.

His need for affiliation would have been fairly high since he surrounded himself with those who followed him and kept them close by. This need seemed to get stronger later in his life has he made his conquests. His need for intimacy, I would say, would be about in the middle range. He married a woman at 25, and it was reported to be a happy marriage that lasted for 25 years. However, overall, he was said to have about 13 wives or concubines he married for political or humanitarian reasons; however, these accounts vary. I believe that during his earlier life, he had a higher need for intimacy since he maintained a happy marriage for 25 years. However when he really became more involved in the spread of his religion and conquest, his need for intimacy was not as high.

Conclusion

Upon researching both of these men, I found myself rather surprised at how many similarities there are between the two of them. At first, I thought they would have very different personalities. The only difference I really saw was that Benjamin Franklin was higher on the personality trait of agreeableness. Also Muhammad seemed to have a higher need for power. In some ways, those who have a great influence on society may have similar personality traits overall, even if they have different ways of going about things.

 

References

 

The description of Benjamin Franklin was taken from the following site:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin

 

The description of Mohammad was taken from the following site:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad

 

Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2008). Perspectives on Personality (6th edition). New York: Pearson. Chapters 4 & 5

 

Franklin, Benjamin:  The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin pg 38.

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27 Ways to Beat Depression: A guide to Wellness

Ways to beat Depression

Ways to Beat Depression

Introduction

Depression affects millions globally, and finding effective ways to manage it is crucial for mental well-being. While professional help is often essential, there are numerous self-help strategies that can complement therapy and medication. Here are the 27 best ways to fight depression and improve your mental health.

1. Get Regular Exercise

Physical activity releases endorphins, the body’s natural mood lifters. Aim for at least 30 minutes a day, even if it’s just a walk. Studies show that exercise improves mood and reduces depressive symptoms (Harvard Health Publishing, 2018). There have been many instances where I felt depressed and tried exercise to combat it. I always feel better afterward, both physically and mentally. I find that exercises that bring your heart rate up are the best, like aerobics. Strength training also works a lot. I try to combine the two together when I work out. Exercise can also increase healthy self-esteem because you feel better about yourself by establishing an exercise routine. The hard part is getting yourself to do it when you are down. However, if you force yourself to exercise, it will be well worth it, and you’ll feel better afterward.

2. Practice Mindfulness Meditation

Mindfulness encourages you to focus on the present moment, which helps reduce rumination and anxiety (American Psychological Association, 2019). Start with 10 minutes a day using guided apps like Headspace or Calm. You can also find videos on YouTube that use guided meditations if you prefer meditations that take you on a small journey with vivid and relaxing scenery. You should find a comfortable position, whether it is sitting or lying down. Breathe in and out at a slow rate, and you’ll notice that your symptoms of depression will decrease over time. It should be close to the same time each day; for example, my meditation time is at 11 pm, but yours can be at 7 am or in the middle of the day. Consistency is the key.

3. Establish a Routine

Depression often leads to disrupted routines, which can worsen feelings of hopelessness. A daily schedule can give you structure and a sense of purpose (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2020). I often get myself into a routine that I go through throughout the day. It helps me focus on something else rather than the things that I am depressed about.

4. Set Small, Achievable Goals

Large tasks may feel overwhelming during depressive episodes. Break down goals into manageable steps to build momentum and confidence. For example, I like writing books, but rather than being overwhelmed with writing an entire book, I break it into pieces, such as going chapter by chapter or even sentence by sentence if I’m struggling. However, it feels better than thinking of the task as a whole.

5. Practice Gratitude

Writing down things you’re grateful for helps shift focus away from negative thoughts. Gratitude practices have been linked to improved mental well-being (Psychological Bulletin, 2017). There are always things to be thankful for, no matter what situation you are in. Review this list and meditate on it daily.

6. Eat a Balanced Diet

A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables supports brain health. Avoid processed foods, which can lead to mood swings (Nutritional Neuroscience, 2016). It is also good to avoid sugar as much as possible. I know that I feel more optimistic when I eat healthy food.

7. Limit Alcohol and Caffeine

Alcohol is a depressant, and caffeine can increase anxiety. Moderating these can help stabilize your mood and energy levels. While alcohol may feel good with the first drink or two, limit yourself to that amount because anything over that can bring out depression, and you may act in ways that destroy relationships in your life, which will only make you feel even more sad. I have lived this life and I can that alcoholism is not the way to deal with depression. Caffeine can disrupt sleep if you have it soon before bedtime. However, caffeine seems to alleviate depression in the morning.

8. Get Enough Sleep

Sleep and mental health are closely linked. Aim for 7-9 hours a night, as poor sleep exacerbates depression (Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2017). Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Don’t use your bedroom besides for sex and sleep. Make sure you have a comfortable mattress and the temperature is set to around 68 degrees F.

9. Stay Connected with Loved Ones

Isolation fuels depression. Even if it’s challenging, stay in touch with friends and family. Social support reduces depressive symptoms (American Journal of Psychiatry, 2007). Sometimes, a small group of friends can be more beneficial than a big group. Also, be aware of toxic people, as they can make your depression even worse with their manipulation tactics.

10. Try Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT helps change negative thought patterns that contribute to depression. There are even self-guided CBT exercises available online. It is good to work with a licensed therapist who can guide you in CBT.

11. Challenge Negative Thoughts

Depression often brings about distorted thinking. Practice questioning negative thoughts and consider alternative perspectives. This is one of the items that is usually taught when using cognitive behavior therapy techniques. We often take things way out of proportion, so it is good to challenge these thoughts.

12. Limit Social Media Use

Comparing yourself to others on social media can worsen depression. Set boundaries on usage to maintain a positive self-image. I sometimes avoid social media, especially at night, because if someone says something mean to me, it will keep me awake. There is a lot of drama on social media, so it is good to put it away for a time. However, small amounts of social media can sometimes help you feel less lonely, so it isn’t always bad.

13. Engage in Hobbies and Passions

Pursuing activities you enjoy can bring moments of joy and accomplishment, combating depressive thoughts. This could be anything from learning an instrument to going out on a kayak. Do things that you feel passionate about. If it seems overwhelming, break it down into smaller tasks.

14. Practice Deep Breathing Exercises

Deep breathing lowers stress by activating the body’s relaxation response. Try inhaling for four seconds, holding for seven, and exhaling for eight. This works incredibly well when it comes to meditating.

15. Consider Light Therapy

Light therapy lamps can be effective, especially in cases of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). These lamps mimic sunlight, helping regulate mood (Mayo Clinic, 2021). I have personally used one of these in the darker months, and I feel that it helped alleviate my depression to a degree.

16. Spend Time Outdoors

Natural sunlight increases serotonin, a mood-boosting hormone. Aim for at least 15 minutes of sun exposure each day. Being out in nature and away from buildings can also be beneficial when it comes to dealing with depression. Sometimes, I feel that the fresh air elevates my mood.

17. Journal Your Feelings

Writing about your emotions can offer relief and help you process thoughts, a technique called expressive writing (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2005). I did this a lot when I was in high school, struggling with depression. I thought it helped a lot.

18. Read Self-Help Books

Books on cognitive therapy, mindfulness, and personal growth can provide insights and coping strategies. There are tons of self-help books on the market. However, be careful of who you listen to. I don’t think books like “The Secret” are that helpful as they give a sense of false hope. Aim for books that will provide you with practical advice when you are feeling down and out.

19. Limit News Consumption

Constant exposure to negative news can heighten anxiety and depression. Set limits on media intake to protect your mental health. It can be depressing to see how things are going in the world, and it isn’t necessary to know everything about it. The media makes loads of money by making people worry about things that they don’t need to worry about.

20. Practice Yoga

Yoga combines movement, mindfulness, and breathing, offering physical and mental benefits that reduce depression (Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2010). I have not done much Yoga myself, but rather take classes in Taekwondo, which also alleviates depression. I think it does a combination of things that help, like exercise, social gathering, and gaining an extra skill simultaneously.

21. Volunteer

Helping others fosters a sense of connection and purpose, which can improve mood and reduce feelings of isolation. There is something positive that happens to the mind when you volunteer. It feels good to help out the less fortunate. If you don’t have time to volunteer, then donate to a charitable cause of your choice if you can afford it.

22. Engage in Creative Outlets

Expressing yourself through art, music, or writing is therapeutic. Studies suggest that creative expression improves mental well-being. This has helped me lower depression almost as much as anything on this list. It is probably my number-one go-to when I’m feeling down and out. I will either pick up an instrument and play or start writing. Even just listening to music can be uplifting whether it is heavy metal or classical, music can alleviate a depressed mind.

23. Challenge Self-Criticism

Depression often involves self-critical thoughts. Practice self-compassion and acknowledge your strengths. Almost every human I have come across is self-critical about something or other. Whether it is looks or abilities, we must put aside self-criticism to feel better about ourselves.

24. Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation

This technique involves tensing and relaxing muscle groups, helping relieve physical and mental tension (Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2011). I usually begin with the toes or the feet and then move to the calves. After that, I tense my thighs and work myself up through the rest of the body. This also can help if you have trouble falling asleep, and decent sleep is something that helps lessen depression.

25. Try Herbal Supplements

St. John’s Wort and Omega-3 supplements have been studied for depression. However, consult with a healthcare provider before trying any supplement. Sometimes, these nutrients can be found in food, and it is unnecessary to spend your extra money on supplements that you don’t need.

26. Seek Therapy or Counseling

If possible, seek professional guidance. Therapy offers personalized support and coping strategies tailored to your needs. Therapy also gives you a safe place to vent your problems, and the therapist is trained to help you find a solution. Make sure you choose a therapist that will fulfill your needs. Not all therapists are the same for everybody.

27. Celebrate Small Victories

Acknowledge progress, no matter how small. Celebrating little achievements builds confidence and helps counter feelings of inadequacy. There are always small accomplishments you can find, such as exercising for thirty minutes or helping someone else in need. back away from celebrating the small things.

Final Thoughts

Managing depression takes time, patience, and persistence. These 27 methods can complement medical treatment and make a significant difference in your mental well-being. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, remember that seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness.

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References:

American Psychological Association. (2019). The Benefits of Mindfulness. Retrieved from APA.

Harvard Health Publishing. (2018). Exercise is an all-natural treatment to fight depression. Retrieved from Harvard Health.

Mayo Clinic. (2021). Seasonal Affective Disorder Treatment. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic.

Nutritional Neuroscience. (2016). Nutrition and Mental Health: A Focus on Depression.

Sleep Medicine Reviews. (2017). The Importance of Sleep for Mental Health.

Human Nature: Are We Naturally Good or Evil

Few philosophical questions are as ancient—or as controversial—as the question of human nature. Are human beings fundamentally good, compassionate creatures who care for one another? Or are we selfish and destructive, requiring laws and social structures to keep our darker instincts under control?

This debate has persisted for thousands of years across philosophy, religion, psychology, and science. Some thinkers argue that humans are naturally cooperative and empathetic, while others believe civilization exists primarily to restrain our violent impulses.

The truth may be more complex. To understand the issue, we must explore some of the major perspectives that have shaped the debate.

The Darker View: Humans Are Naturally Self-Interested

One of the most influential arguments for a pessimistic view of human nature comes from the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679).

In his famous work Leviathan, Hobbes argued that humans are primarily driven by self-preservation, fear, and competition. Without governments or laws, he believed society would collapse into a brutal struggle for survival.

Hobbes described life in a natural state without political authority as:

“solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

In this view, human beings naturally compete for:

  • Resources
  • Power
  • Security
  • Status

When two people want the same thing, conflict becomes inevitable.

According to Hobbes, civilization exists largely as a protective structure designed to control human aggression. Laws, institutions, and governments prevent society from collapsing into chaos.

History often seems to support this darker interpretation. War, conquest, violence, and exploitation appear repeatedly throughout human history. From ancient empires to modern conflicts, human beings have demonstrated an alarming capacity for destruction.

Yet Hobbes’s view is only one side of the philosophical debate.

The Optimistic View: Humans Are Naturally Compassionate

A dramatically different perspective was proposed by the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778).

Rousseau argued that human beings are naturally good and that society often corrupts this goodness.
In contrast to Hobbes, Rousseau believed early humans were peaceful, cooperative, and independent. According to him, inequality, private property, and social hierarchies gradually introduced competition and conflict.

He famously wrote:
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

For Rousseau, humans possess an innate emotional capacity known as pity, which prevents us from harming others unnecessarily. Compassion, not cruelty, lies at the core of human nature.
This idea has surprising support in modern psychological research. Studies show that even very young children often display early forms of empathy. Infants react to the distress of others and toddlers sometimes attempt to comfort those who appear upset.

Such findings suggest that the seeds of morality may exist before social conditioning fully develops.

The Evolutionary Perspective: Cooperation and Competition

Modern science adds another dimension to the debate through Evolutionary Psychology.

From an evolutionary standpoint, both cooperation and competition have played crucial roles in human survival.

Competition in Evolution

Throughout evolutionary history, individuals who successfully competed for resources, territory, and mates were more likely to pass on their genes. This helps explain behaviors such as:

  • Aaggression
  • Dominance hierarchies
  • Territorial defense
  • Tribal loyalty

Competition is therefore not simply a moral flaw—it can be an evolutionary survival strategy.

Cooperation in Evolution

However, humans are also one of the most cooperative species on Earth.

Early humans survived largely because they formed groups that worked together to hunt, gather food, and defend against threats. Groups with strong cooperation often outcompeted groups with weaker social bonds.

Evolution therefore favored traits such as:

  • Empathy
  • Fairness
  • Loyalty
  • Punishment of cheaters

These traits helped maintain cooperation within communities.

From this perspective, human nature is neither purely selfish nor purely altruistic. Instead, it contains two competing sets of instincts.

Evidence from Psychology: The Moral Mind

Psychology suggests that humans possess a complex moral psychology shaped by both biology and culture.

The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning develops through stages.
According to Kohlberg’s theory, individuals typically move through several phases of moral development:

  • Obedience and punishment – morality based on avoiding punishment
  • Self-interest – morality based on personal benefit
  • Social conformity – morality shaped by social approval
  • Law and order – morality based on maintaining social rules
  • Social contract – morality based on fairness and justice
  • Universal ethical principles – morality guided by abstract ideals

This theory suggests that morality is not fully formed at birth. Instead, moral reasoning evolves as individuals mature intellectually and socially.

Human beings therefore possess the capacity for morality, but that capacity must be developed.

The Paradox of Human History

Perhaps the strongest evidence about human nature comes from history itself.
Human civilization demonstrates both extraordinary goodness and devastating cruelty.

On one hand, humanity has produced:

  • Medicine and scientific discovery
  • Art, music, and philosophy
  • Humanitarian aid organizations
  • Movements for human rights

On the other hand, history also includes:

  • Slavery
  • Genocides
  • Wars that killed millions
  • Exploitation and oppression

The same species that built hospitals also built concentration camps. The same species capable of profound compassion is also capable of horrifying violence.

This paradox suggests that human nature cannot easily be reduced to a simple label of “good” or “evil.”

Culture and the Shaping of Morality

Another crucial factor is culture.

Humans are not born with fully formed ethical systems. Instead, our moral frameworks develop through:
family upbringing

  • Education
  • Social traditions
  • Religious teachings
  • Philosophical ideas

Different cultures emphasize different moral values. Some societies prioritize community harmony, while others emphasize individual freedom.

These variations suggest that morality is not determined solely by biology. Instead, human nature interacts with culture to produce a wide range of ethical systems.

Freedom and Moral Choice

Perhaps the most distinctive feature of humanity is our capacity for self-awareness and reflection.
Unlike most animals, humans can evaluate their own behavior and ask moral questions such as:

“Is this action right?”
“Am I harming someone?”
“What kind of person do I want to be?”

This ability allows humans to resist their impulses.

A person may feel anger yet choose forgiveness.

Someone may desire revenge yet pursue justice instead.

Philosophers often argue that morality exists precisely because humans possess this freedom. If we were purely good or purely evil by nature, moral responsibility would disappear.

The moral struggle itself suggests that humans live between competing instincts.

A Balanced Conclusion: The Dual Nature of Humanity

So, are humans naturally good or evil?

The most realistic answer may be both—and neither.

Human beings appear to possess a dual nature. Within each individual exists the capacity for:

  • Empathy and cruelty
  • Generosity and selfishness
  • Cooperation and competition

Biology provides the raw instincts. Culture shapes them. Individual choices ultimately determine how those instincts are expressed.

Rather than asking whether humans are fundamentally good or evil, a better question might be:

Which side of human nature do we choose to cultivate?

Civilization, philosophy, and ethical systems all attempt to strengthen the better parts of human nature while restraining the darker impulses.

Human nature may therefore be less like a fixed moral identity and more like an unfinished project—one that every generation must continue shaping.

Final Thoughts

The debate about human nature is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. Yet the discussion itself reveals something profound: human beings care deeply about morality.

Our species constantly wrestles with the question of how to live well, treat others fairly, and build a better world.

Perhaps that struggle—imperfect, ongoing, and deeply human—is itself evidence that goodness is at least possible within us.

ReferencesL

  • Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651)
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755)
  • Lawrence Kohlberg, Stages of Moral Development
  • Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
  • Evolutionary Psychology research on cooperation and altruism

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The Psychological and Sociological Origins of Gods: Why Humans Create Deities

Why do humans create gods? Explore Jung, Freud, and Durkheim’s theories on religion, from archetypes and wish fulfillment to social cohesion.

Introduction: Are Gods Discovered—or Created?

Across every known civilization—from ancient Mesopotamia to modern societies—humans have imagined, worshiped, and debated the existence of gods. These deities vary wildly: some are compassionate, others terrifying; some are abstract forces, others deeply human-like.

But a fundamental question remains:

Did humans discover gods—or did we create them?
Psychology and sociology offer compelling frameworks that suggest religion may not originate from divine revelation, but from deeply human needs—mental, emotional, and social. Thinkers like Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, and Émile Durkheim each approached this question differently, yet all arrived at a provocative conclusion: belief in gods may tell us more about ourselves than about the universe.

The Psychological Need for Meaning

Before diving into specific theories, it’s worth acknowledging a basic human trait: we are meaning-seeking creatures.

We don’t just observe the world—we interpret it. We assign purpose to events, construct narratives, and search for patterns even in randomness. When faced with chaos, suffering, or death, the human mind resists accepting meaninglessness

  • Religion steps into that gap.
  • Gods, in many traditions, provide:
  • Explanations for natural phenomena
  • Purpose for human existence
  • Comfort in the face of death
  • Moral frameworks for behavior

From a psychological standpoint, these aren’t trivial benefits—they are stabilizing forces. And that leads directly into Freud’s perspective.

Freud: Religion as Wish Fulfillment

Sigmund Freud viewed religion with deep skepticism. To him, belief in God was not a revelation—it was a projection of human desire.

Freud argued that:

Humans experience fear, helplessness, and vulnerability—especially in childhood

As children, we rely on powerful parental figures for protection

As adults, that need doesn’t disappear—it evolves
God, in Freud’s view, becomes a cosmic parent:

  • All-knowing
  • All-powerful
  • Protective

Capable of enforcing justice

Religion, then, functions as a kind of psychological coping mechanism—a way to deal with a world that feels unpredictable and dangerous.

He famously described religious beliefs as “illusions”—not necessarily false, but rooted in wish fulfillment rather than evidence.

From this perspective, gods exist because:
Humans need them to exist.

Jung: Gods as Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung took a very different approach. While he didn’t necessarily affirm the literal existence of gods, he took religious experience seriously.
Jung proposed that humans share a collective unconscious—a deep layer of the mind filled with universal patterns called archetypes.

These archetypes include:

  • The Father
  • The Hero
  • The Shadow
  • The Wise Old Man
  • The Great Mother

According to Jung, gods and deities are expressions of these archetypes.

For example:

  • A sky father god reflects the Father archetype
  • Trickster gods represent chaos and unpredictability
  • Dying-and-rising gods reflect transformation and rebirth

Rather than dismiss religion, Jung saw it as:

A symbolic language through which the human psyche expresses itself.

In this view, gods are not random inventions—they are structured manifestations of universal psychological patterns.

This explains why similar religious themes appear across cultures that had no contact with each other.

Durkheim: Religion as a Social Institution

While Freud and Jung focused on the individual mind, Émile Durkheim approached religion from a sociological perspective.

Durkheim argued that religion is fundamentally about society itself.

His key ideas include:

1. The Sacred vs. The Profane

Religion divides the world into two categories:
Sacred (holy, set apart)
Profane (ordinary, everyday)
This distinction helps structure human experience and behavior.

2. Collective Effervescence

Durkheim described the intense emotional energy people feel during religious rituals—what he called collective effervescence.

Think about:

  • Worship services
  • Festivals
  • Ritual ceremonies

These experiences create a sense of unity and belonging.

3. God as Society in Disguise

Durkheim’s most provocative claim was this:

When people worship God, they are actually worshiping their own society.

In other words:

  • Gods represent the values, norms, and authority of the group
  • Religious rules reinforce social order
  • Belief systems help maintain cohesion and identity

From this perspective, religion is less about the supernatural and more about keeping societies stable and unified.

Why These Theories Matter

Taken together, Freud, Jung, and Durkheim offer a powerful, multi-layered explanation for the existence of gods:

Freud: We create gods to cope with fear and uncertainty

Jung: We express gods as manifestations of deep psychological structures

Durkheim: We sustain gods to maintain social cohesion

Each theory explains something real:

  • The emotional comfort religion provides
  • The recurring symbolic patterns across cultures
  • The powerful role religion plays in shaping societies

And importantly, these explanations don’t require gods to exist objectively—they only require humans to think, feel, and organize themselves in certain ways.

A Critical Reflection: Are These Theories Enough?

Here’s where things get interesting—and where you should lean into your own voice as a writer.

These theories are compelling, but they raise a deeper question:
Do they explain religion—or explain it away?

Critics of these views argue:

Psychological explanations don’t disprove God—they explain how humans relate to the idea of God

Sociological functions don’t negate truth claims—they describe usefulness, not accuracy

But there’s also a strong counterpoint:

If religious beliefs can be fully explained through:

  • Human psychology
  • Cultural evolution
  • Social structures

Then the need to invoke a supernatural origin becomes less necessary.

My Conclusion: Gods as Human Mirrors

When you step back and look at the full picture, one thing becomes hard to ignore:

  • Gods consistently reflect the people who create them.
  • Warrior cultures create warrior gods
  • Agricultural societies create fertility gods
  • Moral societies create law-giving gods
  • Modern thinkers often imagine abstract, philosophical deities

This doesn’t automatically prove that gods are fictional—but it strongly suggests that human influence is inseparable from the concept of the divine.

Personally, the most convincing explanation lies somewhere between Freud and Jung:

Religion clearly meets deep emotional and existential needs

But it also taps into something structured and universal in the human psyche

In that sense, gods may not be external beings shaping humanity—
But internal constructs shaped by humanity are projected outward onto the universe.

Final Thought

Whether one believes in God or not, studying the psychological and sociological roots of religion reveals something profound:

To understand the gods humanity worships is, in many ways, to understand humanity itself.

The Nature of Hell: Eternal Torment, Annihilation, or Universal Salvation

Introduction: Why the Debate Matters

Few theological topics provoke as much emotion and debate as the concept of Hell. For centuries, many believers have accepted the idea of eternal punishment as a central doctrine. But is that the only interpretation?

Across history, theologians, philosophers, and scholars have proposed three primary views of Hell:

  • Eternal Conscious Torment
  • Annihilationism (Conditional Immortality)
  • Universal Salvation (Universalism)

Each of these interpretations attempts to answer the same core questions:

  • What does divine justice look like?
  • Can punishment be eternal and still be just?
  • What is the ultimate fate of humanity?

Let’s examine each perspective.

1. Eternal Conscious Torment (The Traditional View)

Overview
The most widely recognized view in Christianity is that Hell is a place of eternal, conscious punishment. Those who are not saved experience ongoing suffering without end.

Key Biblical Passages Often Cited

  • Matthew 25:46 — “eternal punishment”
  • Mark 9:48 — “their worm does not die”
  • Revelation 14:11 — “the smoke of their torment rises forever”

Core Beliefs

  • Hell is everlasting
  • The soul is immortal
  • Punishment is conscious and unending

Strengths of This View

  • Aligns with traditional church teaching
  • Takes certain passages at face value
  • Emphasizes the seriousness of sin and justice

Challenges and Criticisms

  • Raises moral concerns about infinite punishment for finite actions
  • Seems difficult to reconcile with a loving and just God
  • Some argue the language may be symbolic rather than literal

This view remains dominant, but it is also the most heavily questioned in modern discussions.

2. Annihilationism (Conditional Immortality)

Overview

Annihilationism proposes that the wicked are not tormented forever but are ultimately destroyed or cease to exist.

In this view, immortality is not inherent to the soul—it is conditional.

Key Biblical Passages Often Cited

  • Matthew 10:28 — “destroy both soul and body in hell”
  • Romans 6:23 — “the wages of sin is death”
  • John 3:16 — “shall not perish, but have eternal life”

Core Beliefs

  • Only the saved receive eternal life
  • The unsaved are ultimately destroyed
  • Hell is real but not eternal torment

Strengths of This View

  • Addresses moral concerns about eternal suffering
  • Emphasizes the concept of death as final judgment
  • Seen by some as more consistent with justice

Challenges and Criticisms

  • Conflicts with traditional teachings
  • Requires reinterpreting passages that appear to support eternal punishment
  • Raises questions about the nature of the soul

This view has gained traction among modern scholars and is often seen as a middle ground.

3. Universal Salvation (Universalism)

Overview

Universalism teaches that all people will ultimately be saved, even if they undergo correction or purification after death.

Hell, in this view, is temporary and restorative, not eternal.

Key Biblical Passages Often Cited

  • 1 Timothy 2:4 — God “wants all people to be saved”
  • Romans 5:18 — justification for “all people”
  • 1 Corinthians 15:22 — “in Christ all will be made alive”

Core Beliefs

  • God’s love ultimately triumphs over judgment
  • Hell is corrective, not eternal
  • All souls are eventually reconciled

Strengths of This View

  • Emphasizes divine love and mercy
  • Resolves moral tension around eternal punishment
  • Offers a hopeful vision of ultimate restoration

Challenges and Criticisms

  • Seen by critics as minimizing sin and justice
  • Conflicts with traditional interpretations of Hell
  • Raises questions about free will and accountability

Though controversial, universalism has existed throughout Christian history and continues to gain attention today.

The Deeper Question: Justice, Love, and Interpretation

At the heart of this debate is not just Hell—but the nature of God and justice.

  • If God is just, what does justice require?
  • If God is loving, what are the limits of that love?
  • Are scriptural descriptions literal, symbolic, or something in between?

These questions are not easily answered, which is why the debate continues.

After examining these views, I find myself unable to fully accept the idea of eternal conscious torment.

The notion of endless punishment without resolution raises serious moral and philosophical concerns. If justice is meant to restore balance, then punishment without end begins to look less like justice and more like perpetual suffering for its own sake.

At the same time, I’m not entirely convinced that annihilation alone tells the whole story.

While the idea that the wicked ultimately cease to exist seems more consistent with the language of “death” and “destruction” found in many biblical passages, it still leaves open questions about purpose. Is existence simply extinguished, or is there a deeper process at work before that final outcome?

This is where I find myself drawn toward a middle ground between annihilationism and universalism.

It seems possible that judgment may involve a form of correction, exposure, or even purification—a process in which individuals are confronted with truth in a way that is neither trivial nor painless. For some, that process may ultimately lead to restoration. For others, it may result in final destruction.

In other words, not all outcomes may be the same.

This perspective allows for:

  • Justice, in that actions have real consequences
  • Mercy, in that restoration is not ruled out
  • Finality, in that evil does not continue indefinitely

Rather than viewing Hell as a single, uniform experience, it may be more accurate to think of it as a range of outcomes tied to both justice and transformation.

After examining these views, I find myself unable to fully accept the idea of eternal conscious torment.

The notion of endless punishment without resolution raises serious moral and philosophical concerns. If justice is meant to restore balance, then punishment without end begins to look less like justice and more like perpetual suffering for its own sake.

At the same time, I’m not entirely convinced that annihilation alone tells the whole story.

While the idea that the wicked ultimately cease to exist seems more consistent with the language of “death” and “destruction” found in many biblical passages, it still leaves open questions about purpose. Is existence simply extinguished, or is there a deeper process at work before that final outcome?

This is where I find myself drawn toward a middle ground between annihilationism and universalism.

It seems possible that judgment may involve a form of correction, exposure, or even purification—a process in which individuals are confronted with truth in a way that is neither trivial nor painless. For some, that process may ultimately lead to restoration. For others, it may result in final destruction.

In other words, not all outcomes may be the same.

This perspective allows for:

  • Justice, in that actions have real consequences
  • Mercy, in that restoration is not ruled out
  • Finality, in that evil does not continue indefinitely

Rather than viewing Hell as a single, uniform experience, it may be more accurate to think of it as a range of outcomes tied to both justice and transformation.

Closing Reflection

The debate over Hell is not just about the afterlife—it reflects how we understand justice, mercy, and the nature of existence itself.

Whether one leans toward eternal punishment, annihilation, or universal restoration, each view forces us to wrestle with difficult but important questions:

  • Can justice exist without mercy?
  • Can mercy exist without accountability?
  • And what kind of ending best reflects the world we believe we live in?

Purchase my book on Amazon for Further Study: Hand In A Hellbasket

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27 Ways to Cope with Depression

Ways to Beat Depression

Introduction

Depression affects millions globally, and finding effective ways to manage it is crucial for mental well-being. While professional help is often essential, there are numerous self-help strategies that can complement therapy and medication. Here are the 27 best ways to fight depression and improve your mental health.

1. Get Regular Exercise

Physical activity releases endorphins, the body’s natural mood lifters. Aim for at least 30 minutes a day, even if it’s just a walk. Studies show that exercise improves mood and reduces depressive symptoms (Harvard Health Publishing, 2018). There have been many instances where I felt depressed and tried exercise to combat it. I always feel better afterward, both physically and mentally. I find that exercises that bring your heart rate up are the best, like aerobics. Strength training also works a lot. I try to combine the two together when I work out. Exercise can also increase healthy self-esteem because you feel better about yourself by establishing an exercise routine. The hard part is getting yourself to do it when you are down. However, if you force yourself to exercise, it will be well worth it, and you’ll feel better afterward.

2. Practice Mindfulness Meditation

Mindfulness encourages you to focus on the present moment, which helps reduce rumination and anxiety (American Psychological Association, 2019). Start with 10 minutes a day using guided apps like Headspace or Calm. You can also find videos on YouTube that use guided meditations if you prefer meditations that take you on a small journey with vivid and relaxing scenery. You should find a comfortable position, whether it is sitting or lying down. Breathe in and out at a slow rate, and you’ll notice that your symptoms of depression will decrease over time. It should be close to the same time each day; for example, my meditation time is at 11 pm, but yours can be at 7 am or in the middle of the day. Consistency is the key.

3. Establish a Routine

Depression often leads to disrupted routines, which can worsen feelings of hopelessness. A daily schedule can give you structure and a sense of purpose (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2020). I often get myself into a routine that I go through throughout the day. It helps me focus on something else rather than the things that I am depressed about.

4. Set Small, Achievable Goals

Large tasks may feel overwhelming during depressive episodes. Break down goals into manageable steps to build momentum and confidence. For example, I like writing books, but rather than being overwhelmed with writing an entire book, I break it into pieces, such as going chapter by chapter or even sentence by sentence if I’m struggling. However, it feels better than thinking of the task as a whole.

5. Practice Gratitude

Writing down things you’re grateful for helps shift focus away from negative thoughts. Gratitude practices have been linked to improved mental well-being (Psychological Bulletin, 2017). There are always things to be thankful for, no matter what situation you are in. Review this list and meditate on it daily.

6. Eat a Balanced Diet

A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables supports brain health. Avoid processed foods, which can lead to mood swings (Nutritional Neuroscience, 2016). It is also good to avoid sugar as much as possible. I know that I feel more optimistic when I eat healthy food.

7. Limit Alcohol and Caffeine

Alcohol is a depressant, and caffeine can increase anxiety. Moderating these can help stabilize your mood and energy levels. While alcohol may feel good with the first drink or two, limit yourself to that amount because anything over that can bring out depression, and you may act in ways that destroy relationships in your life, which will only make you feel even more sad. I have lived this life and I can that alcoholism is not the way to deal with depression. Caffeine can disrupt sleep if you have it soon before bedtime. However, caffeine seems to alleviate depression in the morning.

8. Get Enough Sleep

Sleep and mental health are closely linked. Aim for 7-9 hours a night, as poor sleep exacerbates depression (Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2017). Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Don’t use your bedroom besides for sex and sleep. Make sure you have a comfortable mattress and the temperature is set to around 68 degrees F.

9. Stay Connected with Loved Ones

Isolation fuels depression. Even if it’s challenging, stay in touch with friends and family. Social support reduces depressive symptoms (American Journal of Psychiatry, 2007). Sometimes, a small group of friends can be more beneficial than a big group. Also, be aware of toxic people, as they can make your depression even worse with their manipulation tactics.

10. Try Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT helps change negative thought patterns that contribute to depression. There are even self-guided CBT exercises available online. It is good to work with a licensed therapist who can guide you in CBT.

11. Challenge Negative Thoughts

Depression often brings about distorted thinking. Practice questioning negative thoughts and consider alternative perspectives. This is one of the items that is usually taught when using cognitive behavior therapy techniques. We often take things way out of proportion, so it is good to challenge these thoughts.

12. Limit Social Media Use

Comparing yourself to others on social media can worsen depression. Set boundaries on usage to maintain a positive self-image. I sometimes avoid social media, especially at night, because if someone says something mean to me, it will keep me awake. There is a lot of drama on social media, so it is good to put it away for a time. However, small amounts of social media can sometimes help you feel less lonely, so it isn’t always bad.

13. Engage in Hobbies and Passions

Pursuing activities you enjoy can bring moments of joy and accomplishment, combating depressive thoughts. This could be anything from learning an instrument to going out on a kayak. Do things that you feel passionate about. If it seems overwhelming, break it down into smaller tasks.

14. Practice Deep Breathing Exercises

Deep breathing lowers stress by activating the body’s relaxation response. Try inhaling for four seconds, holding for seven, and exhaling for eight. This works incredibly well when it comes to meditating.

15. Consider Light Therapy

Light therapy lamps can be effective, especially in cases of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). These lamps mimic sunlight, helping regulate mood (Mayo Clinic, 2021). I have personally used one of these in the darker months, and I feel that it helped alleviate my depression to a degree.

16. Spend Time Outdoors

Natural sunlight increases serotonin, a mood-boosting hormone. Aim for at least 15 minutes of sun exposure each day. Being out in nature and away from buildings can also be beneficial when it comes to dealing with depression. Sometimes, I feel that the fresh air elevates my mood.

17. Journal Your Feelings

Writing about your emotions can offer relief and help you process thoughts, a technique called expressive writing (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2005). I did this a lot when I was in high school, struggling with depression. I thought it helped a lot.

18. Read Self-Help Books

Books on cognitive therapy, mindfulness, and personal growth can provide insights and coping strategies. There are tons of self-help books on the market. However, be careful of who you listen to. I don’t think books like “The Secret” are that helpful as they give a sense of false hope. Aim for books that will provide you with practical advice when you are feeling down and out.

19. Limit News Consumption

Constant exposure to negative news can heighten anxiety and depression. Set limits on media intake to protect your mental health. It can be depressing to see how things are going in the world, and it isn’t necessary to know everything about it. The media makes loads of money by making people worry about things that they don’t need to worry about.

20. Practice Yoga

Yoga combines movement, mindfulness, and breathing, offering physical and mental benefits that reduce depression (Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2010). I have not done much Yoga myself, but rather take classes in Taekwondo, which also alleviates depression. I think it does a combination of things that help, like exercise, social gathering, and gaining an extra skill simultaneously.

21. Volunteer

Helping others fosters a sense of connection and purpose, which can improve mood and reduce feelings of isolation. There is something positive that happens to the mind when you volunteer. It feels good to help out the less fortunate. If you don’t have time to volunteer, then donate to a charitable cause of your choice if you can afford it.

22. Engage in Creative Outlets

Expressing yourself through art, music, or writing is therapeutic. Studies suggest that creative expression improves mental well-being. This has helped me lower depression almost as much as anything on this list. It is probably my number-one go-to when I’m feeling down and out. I will either pick up an instrument and play or start writing. Even just listening to music can be uplifting whether it is heavy metal or classical, music can alleviate a depressed mind.

23. Challenge Self-Criticism

Depression often involves self-critical thoughts. Practice self-compassion and acknowledge your strengths. Almost every human I have come across is self-critical about something or other. Whether it is looks or abilities, we must put aside self-criticism to feel better about ourselves.

24. Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation

This technique involves tensing and relaxing muscle groups, helping relieve physical and mental tension (Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2011). I usually begin with the toes or the feet and then move to the calves. After that, I tense my thighs and work myself up through the rest of the body. This also can help if you have trouble falling asleep, and decent sleep is something that helps lessen depression.

25. Try Herbal Supplements

St. John’s Wort and Omega-3 supplements have been studied for depression. However, consult with a healthcare provider before trying any supplement. Sometimes, these nutrients can be found in food, and it is unnecessary to spend your extra money on supplements that you don’t need.

26. Seek Therapy or Counseling

If possible, seek professional guidance. Therapy offers personalized support and coping strategies tailored to your needs. Therapy also gives you a safe place to vent your problems, and the therapist is trained to help you find a solution. Make sure you choose a therapist that will fulfill your needs. Not all therapists are the same for everybody.

27. Celebrate Small Victories

Acknowledge progress, no matter how small. Celebrating little achievements builds confidence and helps counter feelings of inadequacy. There are always small accomplishments you can find, such as exercising for thirty minutes or helping someone else in need.Don’t back away from celebrating the small things.

Final Thoughts

Managing depression takes time, patience, and persistence. These 27 methods can complement medical treatment and make a significant difference in your mental well-being. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, remember that seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness.

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References:

American Psychological Association. (2019). The Benefits of Mindfulness. Retrieved from APA.

Harvard Health Publishing. (2018). Exercise is an all-natural treatment to fight depression. Retrieved from Harvard Health.

Mayo Clinic. (2021). Seasonal Affective Disorder Treatment. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic.

Nutritional Neuroscience. (2016). Nutrition and Mental Health: A Focus on Depression.

Sleep Medicine Reviews. (2017). The Importance of Sleep for Mental Health.